Debt investors

Our liquidity needs are driven by our ability to generate cash from operations and the level of borrowings (and related levels of headroom), acquisitions, disposals, dividends and any share repurchases, target ratings for our debt and options available to us in the equity and debt markets.

Bank: The Group has committed bilateral and syndicated credit facilities with high-quality international banks. All of these facilities have similar or equivalent terms and conditions and have a financial covenant. Facilities and central cash and investments are considered sufficient to meet the Group’s projected cash requirements.

Commercial paper: We obtain short-term funding from the commercial paper markets and have benefited from the low interest rate environment. Commercial paper issuance is supported by Group’s committed back-up credit facilities which amounted to £4.5bn of undrawn facilities at 31 December 2021.

Bonds: As part of our strategy to maintain financial flexibility, the Group has raised funds in the USD, EUR and GBP bond markets in recent years. In 2017, US$7.75bn of bonds were issued in the USD market to part refinance the Mead Johnson Nutrition acquisition and in 2020, €1.7bn and £500m were issued in EUR and GBP markets to provide ongoing financing for the Group.

Interest rates: The Group has both interest-bearing and non interest-bearing assets and liabilities and the Group monitors its interest expense rate exposure on a regular basis.

Foreign exchange: The Group prepares its financial statements in Sterling but conducts business in many foreign currencies. The Group’s policy is to align interest costs and operating profit of its major currencies in order to provide some protection against the translation exposure on foreign currency profits after tax. The Group may undertake borrowings and other hedging methods in the currencies of the countries where most of its assets are located. For transactions, it is the Group’s policy to monitor and, only where appropriate, hedge its foreign currency transaction exposures. These transaction exposures arise mainly from foreign currency receipts and payments for goods and services, and from the remittance of foreign currency dividends and loans. The local business units enter into forward foreign exchange contracts with Group Treasury to manage these exposures, where practical and allowed by local regulations. Group Treasury manages the Group exposures, and hedges the net position where possible, using spot and forward foreign currency exchange contracts.

Commodities: Due to the nature of its business the Group is exposed to commodity price risk related to the production or packaging of finished goods such as those that are oil-related, and a diverse range of other, raw materials. This risk is, however, managed primarily through medium-term contracts with certain key suppliers.